All-cause mortality is higher for males taking estrogen than for men in general.

Cross-Sex Hormones   Estrogen   Hormones   Males   Mortality   Oestrogen   Suicide  

A retrospective cohort study1 of patients at an Amsterdam gender clinic found that all-cause mortality increased within a few years of beginning estrogen treatment and continued to increase over time. Men taking estrogen had an overall Standard Mortality Ratio (SMR) of 1.8 compared to men in general. The major causes of death included cardiovascular disease (21%), cancer (32%), infection-related disease (5%), and suicide (7.5%).

  1. de Blok CJ, Wiepjes CM, van Velzen DM, Staphorsius AS, Nota NM, Gooren LJ, Kreukels BP, den Heijer M. Mortality trends over five decades in adult transgender people receiving hormone treatment: a report from the Amsterdam cohort of gender dysphoria. Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. 2021 Oct;9(10):663-670. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00185-6. Epub 2021 Sep 2. PMID: 34481559. ↩︎
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