One in five vaginoplasty patients develop genital prolapse.

A 2025 Swiss follow‑up study¹ (mean 27.5 years post‑surgery) found prolapse rates highest among those with peritoneal vaginoplasty (83%), followed by penile‑inversion techniques (17%) and intestinal vaginoplasty (14%). Surgical repairs often reduced symptoms but highlight long‑term complications rarely discussed before transition.

1. Osswald, R., Villiger, A. S., Ruggeri, G., Hoehn, D., Mueller, M., & Kuhn, A. (2025). Twenty-Seven Years After Sex Reassignment Surgery in Female Transgender Patients: Is Prolapse of the Neovagina an Issue?. International Urogynecology Journal, 1-7. [Link] ↩︎